|
Policy experimentation points to political-administrative procedures and initiatives that allow to discover or test novel instruments of problem-solving and thereby propel broader-based policy innovation or institutional adaptation in a given polity, economy or society.〔Hayek FA. The constitution of liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1978.〕〔North DC. Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990.〕〔Roland G. Transition and economics: politics, markets, and firms. Cambridge: MIT; 2000.〕〔Mukand SW. and Rodrik D. In search of the Holy Grail: policy convergence, experimentation, and economic performance. In: American Economic Revue, 95(1): p. 374–83.〕 As compared to centralized legislation or national regulation, one of the major advantages of decentralized policy experimentation is seen in allowing spatially, sectorally or temporally limited policy trials that reduce the risks and costs of introducing major reform schemes to the national polity, economy and society. A major deficit of policy experimentation is seen in promoting policy heterogeneity, legal fragmentation and jurisdictional disparities. The term has come to renewed prominence in the discussion about the political processes behind China's economic rise since the beginning of Chinese economic reform policies in 1978.〔Heilmann 2008. Policy Experimentation in China’s Economic Rise. In: Studies in Comparative International Development, 43 (1): p. 1-26.〕 ==Definition== Policy experimentation often just paraphrases the cycles of policy reversals and policy re-prioritization that are characteristic of all political systems if established policies come to be seen as failing, too costly, or politically risky. In a stricter definition policy experimentation implies a policy process in which experimenting units try out a variety of methods and processes to find imaginative solutions to predefined tasks or to new challenges that emerge during experimental activity. Policy experimentation is not equivalent to freewheeling trial and error or spontaneous policy diffusion. It is a purposeful and coordinated activity geared to producing novel policy options that are injected into official policymaking and then replicated on a larger scale, or even formally incorporated into national law. In more technical terms, experimentation aims “to inform policy by using experiments with direct interventions and control groups instead of observational studies or theoretical analyses”〔Mosteller, F. Selected papers of Frederick Mosteller, New York, Springer; 2006: p. 487, 496.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Policy experimentation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|